Bakelite is the trade name for phenol formaldehyde resin. The A resin (resol) could be made directly into a usable plastic, or it could be brought to a solid B stage (resitol) in which, though almost infusible and insoluble, it could still be ground into powder and then softened by heat to a final shape in a mold. 0000010588 00000 n A hard, infusible, and chemically resistant plastic, Bakelite was based on a chemical combination of phenol and formaldehyde (phenol-formaldehyde resin), two compounds that were derived from coal tar and wood alcohol (methanol), respectively, at that time. 0000006767 00000 n Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. 0000005844 00000 n Both stages A and B could be brought to a completely cured thermoset C stage (Bakelite C, or true Bakelite) by being heated under pressure. 0000009246 00000 n Bakelite is a space-network polymer. A hard, infusible, and chemically resistant plastic, Bakelite was based on a chemical combination of phenol and formaldehyde (phenol-formaldehyde resin), two compounds that were derived from coal tar and wood alcohol (methanol), respectively, at that time. This made it the first truly synthetic resin, representing a significant advance over earlier plastics that were based on modified natural materials. FABP3 is abundant in dopaminergic neurons and interacts with dopamine D2 receptors, specifically the long type (D2L). 0000009599 00000 n 0000003923 00000 n
When chemists began to recognize that many natural resins and fibers were polymers, Baekeland investigated the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde. It has been aptly named as the ‘Material of a Thousand Uses’. 0000002301 00000 n Formation of Bakelite follows electrophilic substitution reaction of phenol with formaldehyde followed by condensation. In the 1930s cast Bakelite, along with many other competing phenolic resins, enjoyed a vogue in colourful costume jewelry and novelties. The injection pressure of bakelite is generally between 3-5 kb/cm2, and it can be produced according to different products and product structures by selecting appropriate pressure. When chemists began to recognize that many natural resins and fibers were polymers, Baekeland investigated the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde. %PDF-1.2 %���� 0000003673 00000 n Some quantity of reaction mixture is taken in a beaker and placed on a white paper towel. 0000006026 00000 n MP Board Class 12th Chemistry Solutions. Moreover, the resin would tolerate considerable amounts of inert ingredients and therefore could be modified through the incorporation of various fillers. 0000006788 00000 n The structure, properties and uses of Bakelite. Hydrochloric acid is added drop by drop by continuous stirring. In the formation of Bakelite, the reaction mixture is prepared by mixing formaldehyde with phenol with glacial acetic acid under fume hood. 0000002651 00000 n Bakelite Structure. In the 1920s it was widely used in knobs, dials, circuitry panels, and even cabinets for radios, and it was also employed in the electrical systems of automobiles. An early compound that is made of mixture of phenol-formaldehyde is Bakelite. Owing to the inclusion of fillers and reinforcement, Bakelite products were almost always opaque and dark-coloured. 1 Experiment 15: Exploring the World of Polymers Objective: In this experiment, you will explore a class of chemical compounds known as polymers.You will synthesize and modify polymers, test their properties and use a fabrication technique to produce an object from a polymer. In a plastics market virtually monopolized by celluloid, a highly flammable material that dissolved readily and softened with heat, Bakelite found ready acceptance because it could be made insoluble and infusible. He first produced a soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin called “Novolak,” which never became a market success. H�tUMo�0��W��Fĵ���plAHH�C#q�8�i��%A���p��P��x�of���ė]q�ut�Ek������PW5t���j 0,�oa������B7��P���,kg����g�$�ߙPy�51�� �X�v�F]�2�J���L�~h�N���&�)�#�oݧ:�Pb�#� �C�|�ң�u����b¸�D:�)�5-�%a+ �O��'�ey����Ȧ���4.+��5��ʑ�!����I;J��iX�W]֊Q�n��9��}��$N+ɑǜu�C�8�0��o����-��p!�J�^�9��I�� O;M��"�N��J��tE:*P��7��Fيs� �Ku���Z]���������8s��u*"\�a�|^´�Y�i�$���,}����+l���d�i�D4]z �k���a�7����{�Tr"S����B�� 멙�����.u$��Q7TJx�Ğ�E��6/�FV'��MռPEFj9���e ��7?����IP,�Ҕ���u�Q�I � p+;�{M�Xה=r6�旐��A��5o���0Ca��ԩYډ��n�a�4q��Xl��2�&MF��[w=��Ji�y#�#dv�������~ѷ3� Tj�!��h5��غ�9o�m6_��N.���|\_>��;X����Y�7�,����6/���"쏆X�aB��%�D6�h� �\A��:yB��_eD�ɀ�U���q�`�{��@��� 4"�D���BF9���˼�8qٿ�g*��K���Li�7rܱ�y�3;��shk���V_ry��[�U-�D��_ ��� endstream endobj 22 0 obj 709 endobj 23 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 22 0 R >> stream To make it stronger and to make more of it, filler such as sawdust is often added. Bakelite is one of the earliest commercial plastics. In 1909 Baekeland made the first public announcement of his invention, in a lecture before the New York section of the American Chemical Society. 0000011473 00000 n History is shaped by the materials we develop and use. 0000004882 00000 n Reactions: SbF3 800oC CHCl3 ———→ CHF2Cl ————→ CF2 = CF2 HF –HCl (b.pt. 11. FORMATION OF POLYTETRAFLUROETHYLENE or TEFLON or PTFE: It is formed when chloroform is treated with the hydrofluoric acid and antimony trifluoride . Melting is a process whereby a collection of atoms/molecules that are held together by weak forces are provided sufficient energy so that the individual molecules can separate from each other. For general molded parts, wood flour was preferred, but, where heat resistance, impact strength, or electrical properties were involved, other fillers such as cotton flock, asbestos, and chopped fabric were used. asked Jan 12, 2020 in Chemistry by MoniKumari ( 52.0k points) jee main 2020 Bakelite is still commonly used for dominoes, mah-jongg tiles, checkers, and chess pieces. 0000001870 00000 n Bakelite is a polymer made up of the monomers phenol and formaldehyde. Some 5,000 years ago, we learned how to make alloys of copper, and the Bronze Age began. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 0000003853 00000 n Bakelite, which is also known as a 'material of a thousand uses' is chemically called polyoxybenzyl methylene glycol anhydride. They have excellent electrical insulating character. 0000007642 00000 n By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Bakelite is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, developed in 1907–1909 by Belgian chemist Dr. Leo Baekeland. (ii) Reactions involving cleavage of C-OH bond-formation of anhydride, reactions with PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, esterification and reaction with ammonia (iii) Reactions involving -COOH group-reduction, decarboxylation (iv) Substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part - halogenation and ring substitution, Uses of carboxylic acids. So, we can, in general, say that Bakelite is a condensation polymer or a phenolic resin. 0000009530 00000 n In 1939 Baekeland sold the Bakelite trademark to the Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation (now Union Carbide Corporation). 0000006047 00000 n H�b```e``9 Union Carbide sold the trademark in 1992 to the Georgia-Pacific Corporation, which employed Bakelite as a bonding agent for plywood and particleboard. 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